Useful Resources

b. Climate change impacts on Water and Future Irrigation Needs

• World Bank’s Prospects for Irrigated Agriculture paper examines predicted future irrigation needs and how to meet global food production in a water-constrained future.
• Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions by the World Bank illustrates how climate change will affect hydrology and the resulting stress on and vulnerability of the water systems. The climate change dimension is also placed within the context of the impact of other factors outside the water sector. The analysis is intended to inform the World Bank water sector investments on climate issues and climate-smart adaptation options.
• The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) World Water and Climate Atlas gives irrigation and agricultural planners rapid access to accurate data on climate and moisture availability for agriculture including applications for determining how much irrigation is needed in relation to what the climate provides and extracting climate inputs for crop modeling.
• AQUASTAT developed by the FAO Land and Water Division is a global information system on water and agriculture. The database contains information on water resources, water uses, and agricultural water management with an emphasis on countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean.
• CROPWAT is a piece of software designed for the calculation of the right amount of water needed for the irrigation of crop fields.
• IWMI’s Online Irrigation Benchmarking Services provides background and guidelines to the benchmarking process and indicators, as well as options to add data online and view results by categories of irrigation system.

• U.S. Department of Energy’s U.S. Energy Sector Vulnerabilities to Climate Change and Extreme Weather examines current and potential future impacts of climate change on the U.S. energy sector. It identifies activities underway to address these challenges and discusses potential opportunities to enhance the climate resilience of U.S. energy system.
• The IPCC Working Group III’s Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation includes discussion on the potential impact of climate change on renewable energy resources.
• Addressing Climate Change-Driven Increased Hydrological Variability in Environmental Assessments for Hydropower Projects – scoping study” details the context of hydrological variability, a changing climate and hydropower/reservoir operation
• Addressing Climate Vulnerability for Power System Resilience and Energy Security by USAID Global Climate Change Office and its Resources to Advance LEDS Implementation (RALI) Project, explains how climate change affects hydropower and other power generation infrastructure and resources using a four step approach: assess climate risks and vulnerabilities; identify, evaluate, and prioritize options to address climate risks; integrate climate change into project implementation, power planning, operations and maintenance; and monitor, evaluate, and adjust plans over time.

• The World Bank’s Climate Impacts on Energy Systems: Key Issues for Energy Sector Adaptation provides an overview of how the energy sector might be impacted by climate change and what options exist to address these impacts.
• Chapter 10: Key Economic Sectors and Services of Working Group II’s contribution to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report includes discussion of climate change impacts and adaptation options for the energy sector.
• Asian Development Bank’s Climate Risk and Adaptation in the Electric Power Sector discusses the exposure and vulnerability of the energy sector to climate change. It identifies adaptation options available to each source of energy generation as well as for the distribution and end use of electrical energy.

• Chapter 10: Key Economic Sectors and Services of Working Group II’s contribution to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report discusses climate change impacts and adaptation options for key economic sectors and services, including transport, industry (manufacturing and construction and housing), forestry and logging, fisheries and aquaculture, mining and quarrying, and financial services.
• USAID’s Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure: Preparing for Change is a series of fact sheets on climate change impacts on various infrastructure systems, including transportation, solid waste management, ICT, and buildings. The fact sheets also suggest potential adaptation measures for each type of infrastructure.

• U.S. Federal Transit Administration’s Flooded Bus Barns and Buckled Rails: Public Transportation and Climate Change Adaptation provides information on the vulnerability of public transportation assets and services to climate change impacts and gives examples of adaptation strategies.
• U.S. Federal Highway Administration’s Assessing the Sensitivity of Transportation Assets to Climate Change includes a sensitivity matrix that documents the sensitivity of transportation modes, including aviation, rail, marine, and river transportation, to climate change effects.

• Chapter 8: Urban areas of Working Group II’s contribution to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report explores climate change vulnerabilities and adaptation options in urban areas.
• World Bank’s Urban Risk Assessments: Understanding Disaster and Climate Risk in Cities presents a framework for carrying out urban risk assessment that consists of three pillars, a hazard impact assessment, an institutional assessment, and a socioeconomic assessment.
• United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction’s How To Make Cities More Resilient: A Handbook For Local Government Leaders provides a generic framework for risk reduction and points to good practices and tools that are already being applied in different cities for that purpose.
• Climate Change and Cities: First Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network examines mitigation and adaptation strategies for developing and developed cities, enabling readers to utilize information on both and leverage co-benefits between the two. It also provides case studies of effective and efficient practices in cities around the world.
• The Toolkit for Resilient Cities explores how the resilience of critical urban infrastructure systems might be enhanced to prepare cities more effectively for major weather-related hazards and the co-benefits that resiliency actions have (e.g. environmental performance, energy efficiency, safety and security, etc.). The research focuses on physical infrastructure relating to energy, transportation, water, and buildings.

• International Council on Mining and Metals’ Adapting to a Changing Climate: Implications for the Mining and Metals Industry examines the risk posed by climate change to mining operations and installations. It also investigates available options for the mining and metals industry to adapt to climate change impacts.

• Chapter 3 to Chapter 7: Natural and Managed Resources and Systems, and Their Uses of Working Group II’s contribution to the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report provides information on the impacts of climate change on various natural resource systems, including freshwater resources, terrestrial and inland water systems, coastal systems, and ocean systems.
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Impacts of Climate Change on the Occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms discusses the potential impacts of climate change on harmful algal blooms in freshwater and marine ecosystems.
• World Resources Institute’s Reefs at Risk: Revisited provides information on the impacts of climate change on coral reefs.
• WorldFish Center’s policy brief, The Threats to Fisheries and Aquaculture from Climate change, discusses the effects of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture and suggests adaptation strategies.
• Convention for Biodiversity’s Report of the Second Ad Hoc Technical Expert Group on Biodiversity and Climate Change explores how the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity can be integrated into climate change mitigation and adaptation activities.

• The Lancet Countdown: Tracking Progress on Health and Climate Change is an international, multi-disciplinary research collaboration between academic institutions following on from the 2015 Lancet Commission on Health and Climate Change, which emphasized that the response to climate change could be “the greatest global health opportunity of the 21st century”.
• The Atlas of Health and Climate by the World Health Organization and World Meteorological Organization, provides scientific information on the connections between weather and climate and major health challenges, including infections, emergencies arising from extreme weather events, environmental degradation, and demographic aging.
• The World Health Organization’s report, Protecting Health from Climate Change: Connecting Science, Policy and People, presents an overview of the links between climate change and human health and outlines priority actions to reduce vulnerability.
• The Health Dimension of Climate Change by the World Bank focuses on the health impacts of climate change that are relevant for ECA countries, assessing the vulnerability of health sectors to these impacts, and providing insights into building health-specific adaptive capacity. The impacts of climate change on health is detailed and analyzed at various levels, in relation to an increased frequency and/or intensity of extreme weather events as well as those due to a progressive increase in temperatures entailing expanded disease vector distribution and other climate-sensitive factors. The report is divided into three main sections: (i) discussion of climate change events and their health impacts in ECA; (ii) a country-level climate change-health vulnerability assessment; and (iii) adaptive strategies for optimizing health outcomes in the face of climate change.
• Risk Expands, But Opportunity Awaits: Emerging Evidence on Climate Change and Health in Africa by USAID presents evidence on the effects of climate change risks on the health sector in Africa. It illustrates climate threats to health and development investments and highlights opportunities to achieve health targets in Sub-Saharan Africa in the face of climate change. Included in the report is information on the basics of climate forecasting in Africa, climate change and health vulnerabilities, details of health risks (i.e. undernutrition and vector-borne diseases), response opportunities (i.e. policy response and frameworks for action), and information on future efforts.
• Climate Change and Health Impacts: How Vulnerable is Bangladesh and What Needs to be Done? Is a study jointly undertaken by the Climate Change and Health Promotion Unit of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, the International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh, and the World Bank. This study had two broad objectives: (1) to assess national vulnerability and impact on major diseases of increased climate variability and extreme events in Bangladesh; and (2) to assess existing institutional and implementation capacity, financial resources at the local level, and existing public programs targeted at climate-sensitive diseases.
• A Human Health Perspective on Climate Change by the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)-led Interagency Working Group on Climate Change and Health identifies major research areas that need to be further explored and understood. These include the following: Asthma, Respiratory Allergies, and Airway Diseases, Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke, Foodborne Diseases and Nutrition, Heat-Related Morbidity and Mortality, Human Developmental Effects, Mental Health and Stress-Related Disorders, Neurological Diseases and Disorders, Vectorborne and Zoonotic Diseases, Waterborne Diseases, Weather-Related Morbidity and Mortality.
• The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment by the U.S. Global Change Research Program provides an assessment of climate-related health burdens in the United States. Acknowledging the rising demand for data that can be used to characterize how climate change affects health, this report assesses recent analyses that quantify observed and projected health impacts. Each chapter characterizes the strength of the scientific evidence for a given climate–health exposure pathway or “link” in the causal chain between a climate change impact and its associated health outcome. The overall findings underscore the significance of the growing risk climate change poses to human health in the United States.
• Improving Capacity to Correlate Climate Change and Environmental Health Outcomes in Mozambique by The World Bank presents the results of a geospatial regression analysis that aims to identify future trends in health vulnerability as a result of extreme events and future climate change in Mozambique. The goals of this analysis are as follows: i) To develop an understanding of the relationship between environmental/climate variables and the distribution of diseases. ii) To use that relationship to predict future trends in disease distribution across Mozambique and to identify specific districts that will be more vulnerable to various diseases in the future.

• Lessons Learned on Health Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change: Experiences Across Low- and Middle-Income Countriesby the World Health Organization first reviews and synthesizes the first five years of implementation (2008–2013) of projects on health adaptation to climate variability and change in low- and middle income countries worldwide. The second part of the report presents results of qualitative research undertaken to document lessons learned and good practice examples from health adaptation projects to facilitate assessing and overcoming barriers to implementation and to scaling up.
• The World Health Organization’s report, Protecting Health from Climate Change: Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment, provides guidance on making vulnerability assessments of health risks due to climate change as well as guidance on policies and programs that could increase resilience.
• The World Bank’s Reducing Climate-Sensitive Disease Risks assesses known interventions to reduce risk. The report also looks at ways to help practitioners reduce the risks of key climate-sensitive infectious diseases by strengthening risk management systems for disease outbreaks.
• Climate Effects on Health Factsheets by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) give a snapshot of how climate hazards can impact health as well as prevention and management measures. Issues covered include extreme precipitation and drought, warmer water and flooding, air quality, extreme heat, and vector-borne diseases.
• Health and Disaster Risk Reduction within the Global Framework for Climate Servicesis a report that resulted from a meeting organized by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Federation of the Red Cross (IFRC) and the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). The purpose of the meeting report was to develop recommendations for the implementation of a platform to enhance the applications of climate information and products in the health and disaster risk reduction sectors.

• Gender, Climate Change and Health, by the World Health Organization, documents evidence for gender differences in health risks that are likely to be exacerbated by climate change, and in adaptation and mitigation measures that can help to protect and promote health.
• Mainstreaming Gender in Health Adaptation to Climate Change Programmes, by the World Health Organization, is a guide on mainstreaming gender throughout all phases of health adaptation programs.
• Making Women’s Voices Count: Integrating Gender Issues in Disaster Risk Management

• USAID Climate Risk and Management Tools including a Health Annex. These tools are meant to support climate risk screening and management in strategy, project and activity design. Excel templates enable the user to record results.
• The WHO UNFCCC Climate and Health Country Profiles Project aims to provide Ministers of Health, health decision-makers and advocates with country-specific, evidence-based snapshots of the climate hazards and health risks facing countries. They present opportunities for health co-benefits though mitigation actions and provide a global platform to track national progress in policy response and implementation.
• The Health and Climate Change Toolkit for Project Managers by the World Health Organization is a one-stop resource containing key resources that address climate change and health issues. It is intended for planners, policy makers, and those working at the policy/practice interface. Publications are sorted by eight topics, by type, geographic focus and year of publication. These eight topics are Health Impacts of Climate Change, Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments, Early Warning Systems, Building Resilience of Health Systems, National Adaptation Strategies and Plans, Monitoring and Evaluation of Health Adaptation, Engagement with Other Sectors, and Health Co-benefits and Climate Action.
• The Climate Change and Human Health Literature Portal, from the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is a knowledge management tool for locating the most relevant scientific literature on the health implications of climate change. It provides access to a database of studies from around the world, published between 2007 and 2014.

• The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on U.S. Transportation by the U.S. Transportation Research Board identifies climate vulnerabilities to the transportation system.
• Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Transportation Systems and Infrastructure: Gulf Coast Study, Phase I. This study explores how climate will affect transportation, and Table 1.1 identifies a comprehensive list of climate impacts on transportation identified through a literature review.
• USAID Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure: Transportation is a factsheet which summarizes climate stressors on transportation systems.

• Making Transport Climate Resilient, Country Report: Ethiopia, isa case studies by the World Bank which identifies country-specific climate impacts to roads, identify adaptation measures, conduct economic assessments, and develop short and long term strategies
• Asian Development Bank’s Climate Proofing: A Risk-based Approach to Adaptation features a case study, Climate Proofing a Road-building Infrastructure Project in Kosrae, Federated State of Micronesia. The analysis develops a climate-proofed design adjusted for rainfall projections and estimates the design’s marginal cost and net benefit.
• The UK Highways Agency Climate Change Risk Assessment identifies climate risk by scoring and ranking the vulnerability of the agency’s assets.
• Design Standards for U.S. Transportation Infrastructure: The Implications of Climate Change examines how climate can impact transportation design and identifies strategies to reduce risk through means other than altering design standards

• The U.S. Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Climate Change & Extreme Weather Vulnerability Assessment Framework is a guide for conducting vulnerability assessments of transportation assets and systems, and uses in-practice examples to demonstrate a variety of ways to gather and process information.
• The Use of Climate Information in Vulnerability Assessments by the U.S. FHWA provides recommendations on how to use historical and projected climate information as transportation planners consider their climate-related risks.
• Assessing Criticality in Transportation Adaptation Planning by the U.S. FHWA identifies a conceptual framework for narrowing the universe of transportation assets to study in a climate change vulnerability and risk assessment.
• Assessing the Sensitivity of Transportation Assets to Climate Change in Mobile, Alabama introduces the Sensitivity Screen, for planners to identify assets that are sensitive to a particular climate impact, and the Sensitivity Matrix, which enables planners to identify a deeper level of detail including information on the threshold at which assets become sensitive and features of the asset which may be associated with increased sensitivity.
• The Highway Development and Management Model (HDM-4) Dissemination Tools by the World Bank can help to predicts road network performance as a function of climate, among other input factors.

• High and Dry: Climate Change, Water, and the Economy  is a flagship report by the World Bank. It finds that water scarcity, exacerbated by climate change, could hinder economic growth, spur migration, and spark conflict. However, most countries can neutralize the adverse impacts of water scarcity by taking action to allocate and use water resources more efficiently.
• The IPCC Technical Paper on Climate Change and Water provides an in-depth analysis of observed and projected changes in climate as they relate to water. The paper evaluates regional impacts on water supply.
• Water and Climate Change Adaptation: Policies to Navigate Uncharted Waters is a report by the OECD that highlights the range of expected changes in the water cycle and the challenge of making practical, on-site adaptation decisions for water. It offers policymakers a risk-based approach to better “know”, “target” and “manage” water risks and proposes policy guidelines to prioritize action and improve the efficiency, timeliness and equity of adaptation responses. The report also highlights the benefits of well-designed economic instruments (e.g. insurance schemes, water trading, water pricing), ecosystem-based approaches and ‘real options’ approaches to financing.
• Securing Water Sustaining Growth - Report of the GWP/OECD Task Force on Water Security and Sustainable Growth promotes sustainable growth and well-being, by providing empirical evidence to guide investment in water security. It seeks to: analyze the dynamics of water security and growth; quantify water-related risks and opportunities and their trajectories; and assess the experience of past pathways of investment toward water security.
• Adaptation to Climate Change in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Assessing Risks, Appraising Options in Africa, is a report by ODI that presents the findings of research into the risks to delivery of WASH results posed by climate change in Africa, drawing on rapid case study reviews of WASH programming in Malawi, Sierra Leone and Tanzania.
• Climate Variability and Change: A Basin Scale Indicator Approach to Understanding the Risk to Water Resources Development and Management is a study by the World Bank intended to help bridge the gap between high-level climate change predictions and the needs of water resource decision-makers.
• Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions, by the World Bank, illustrates how climate change will affect hydrology and the resulting stress on and vulnerability of the water systems. The climate change dimension is also placed within the context of the impact of other stressors outside the water sector. The analysis is intended to inform the World Bank water sector investments on climate issues and climate-smart adaptation options.
• Addressing Climate Change in Long-Term Water Resources Planning and Management presents eight technical steps to incorporate climate change information into water resources planning, including assessing natural systems response, assessing socioeconomic and institutional response, and assessing system risks.
• The Handbook of Current and Next Generation Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Tools, by the European Commission-funded BASIC project, identifies models that can be used for impact and vulnerability assessments in the water resources sector, and evaluates their strengths and weaknesses.
• Mainstreaming Water Resources Management in Urban Projects: Taking an Integrated Urban Water Management Approach, by the World Bank, is a guidance note for cities in developing countries for managing the urban water cycle in a sustainable manner by using an Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) approach.

• Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure: Preparing for Change by USAID, comprises nine fact sheets, including for potable water, sanitation systems, and flood control structures, that summarize strategies that can be employed to prepare for and adapt to potential climate change impacts.
• Incorporating Climate Change Adaptation in Infrastructure Planning and Design series for Sanitation, Flood Management and Potable Water by USAID, describes best practices to incorporate climate adaptation in the planning and engineering design of infrastructure activities.
• Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources and Adaptation in the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Sector in Nicaragua, by the World Bank is a paper that reviews the historic data on temperature and precipitation trends in Central America and particularly at the regional level in Nicaragua and examines the impacts and implications of potential climate change on water resources in Nicaragua. The paper makes key recommendations to integrate climate change and rural water supply and sanitation policies and programs in a way that increase resilience to current and future climate conditions.
• Climate Change and Urban Water Utilities: Challenges & Opportunities, by the World Bank, aims to help improve understanding of climate change on the provision of water and wastewater services by urban utilities; establish an analytical framework to identify and prioritize potential climate change adaptation measures; and assess the feasibility of implementing adaptation measures.
• Guidelines for Climate Proofing Investment in the Water Sector: Water Supply and Sanitation, by the ADB is a methodological approach that assists project teams in managing climate change risk in the context of water supply and sanitation investment projects.
• USAID`s "Addressing Climate Change Impacts on Infrastructure: Sanitation Systems, Potable Water Systems" are factsheets that summarize climate stressors on sanitation and drinking water services.
• Managing Climate Risk in Water Supply Systems by The International Research Institute for Climate and Society is a technical manual designed to help water resources professionals understand how to use climate information and forecasts to manage hydroclimatic risk and take advantage of opportunities.
• Climate Risk Screening of the WSP Portfolio in India: Identifying Key Risk Areas and Potential Opportunities, a World Bank field note, identifies the risks of climate change on rural and urban water supply and sanitation in India.

• Empowering Women in Irrigation Management: the Sierra in Peru, by the World Bank is a summary document on the Sierra Irrigation Subsector Project in Peru, which has focused on gender inclusion into WUA and overall activities.
• Gender Sensitive Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation in Agricultural Water Management (2016)
• Checklist for integrating gender-related issues into Agriculture Water Management (2013)
• Gender Mainstreaming in Water Resources Management (2005)
• Mainstreaming Gender in Water Resources Management
• Making Women’s Voices Count: Integrating Gender Issues in Disaster Risk Management

• The Water Rapid Screening Assessment Framework, by the World Bank, is meant to provide a consistent, credible, and repeatable process for project managers to use to assess climate risks in such a way that effort expended remains proportional to the climate sensitivity of each project. Phases 1 through 3 (climate screening, climate risk assessment, and climate risk reporting) provide elements of risk assessment, while Phase 4 shifts to risk management (Climate Risk Management Plan). Each phase specifies a product demonstrating that climate risks have met assessment according to an approved procedure. In each analytical phase, either the process ends because the climate risks have proved adequately addressed or the process proceeds to the next phase to address remaining concerns.
• Water Security for All: The Next Wave of Tools, is a 2013/14 Annual Report by the Water Partnership Program, which includes the World Bank and the governments of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Austria. Chapter 2 covers innovative solutions and tools related to disaster risk management, remote sensing, cold weather sanitation, and results-based financing.
• USAID Climate Risk and Management Tools including a Water Supply and Sanitation Annex. These tools are meant to support climate risk screening and management in strategy, project and activity design. Excel templates enable the user to record results.
• Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas by the World Resources Institute is a global water risk mapping tool that helps companies, investors, governments, and other users understand where and how water risks and opportunities are emerging worldwide. The Atlas uses a robust, peer reviewed methodology and the best-available data to create high-resolution, customizable global maps of water risk.
• Flood Management in a Changing Climate - WMO and GWP Tool. The central theme of this tool is to bring the different aspects of climate variability and climate change as it affects flood risks with the aim to show possibilities of how they can be managed successfully. It addresses the needs of practitioners and allows them to easily access relevant guidance materials.
• The SIASAR Initiative: An Information System for More Sustainable Rural Water and Sanitation Services, by the World Bank, is an innovative platform designed to monitor the development and performance of rural Water Supply and Sanitation services. Through this simple tool, data collection and analysis becomes more accessible, more precise, and comparable across countries. The system generates performance indicators that are aggregated at several geographic levels. SIASAR automatically produces rankings and summary reports that detail the performance of communities, infrastructure systems, service providers, and technical assistance providers.
• The Thirsty Energy Initiative, by the World Bank, is meant to help countries integrate water constraints into the energy sector and better address water and energy challenges. It does so by preparing countries for an uncertain future by: (i) Identifying synergies and quantifying tradeoffs between energy development plans and water use; (ii) Piloting cross-sectoral planning to ensure sustainability of energy and water investments; (iii) Designing assessment tools and resource management frameworks to help governments coordinate decision-making and enhance sustainable development; and (iv) Providing capacity building and knowledge transfer.

• World Bank: Gender Equality Data and Statistics. This gender data portal is a one-stop shop for gender information, catering to a wide range of users and providing data from a variety of sources. The portal has indicators related to five dimensions of gender equality: economic structures and access to resources; education; health and related services; public life and decision-making; and human rights of women and girl children.
• FAO:Gender and Land Rights Database. This portal highlights the major political, legal, and cultural factors that influence women’s ability to claim their land rights throughout the world. It includes 84 country profiles, land tenure statistics disaggregated by gender, and a Legislation Assessment Tool for gender-equitable land tenure.
• FAO:Agri-gender Statistics Toolkit. This toolkit supports increased collection and analysis of sex-disaggregated agricultural data. It includes a compilation of gender-sensitive questions, questionnaire components, and tables. The database is structured around nine items related to agriculture: agricultural population and households; access to productive resources; production and productivity; destination of agricultural produce; labor and time use; income and expenditures; membership in agricultural or farmer organizations; and food security poverty indicators.
• World Economic Forum: Annual Global Gender Gap Report. The Global Gender Gap Index 2015 ranks 145 economies according to how well they are leveraging their female talent pool, based on economic, educational, health-based, and political indicators.
• World Bank: Women, Business and the Law. Getting to Equal measures legal and regulatory barriers to women’s entrepreneurship and employment in 173 economies. It provides quantitative measures of laws and regulations that affect women’s economic opportunities in seven areas: accessing institutions, using property, getting a job, providing incentives to work, going to court, building credit, and protecting women from violence.
• UNDP: International Human Development Indicators. The Human Development Report Office releases five indices each year: the Human Development Index (HDI), the Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index, the Gender Development Index (GDI), the Gender Inequality Index (GII), and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
• UN Statistics: The World’s WomenThis portal highlights differences in the status of women and men in eight areas: population and families; health; education; work; power and decision making; violence against women; environment; and poverty.